Critique of an article from the Journal of Applied Physiology

Critique of an article from the Journal of Applied Physiology Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance Introduction In 2002, a group of Australian researchers published a paper entitled the Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. Caffeine use during sporting events has become much more popular and has widely studied. The purpose of the research was to examine the work increasing (ergogenic) effects of differing regiments of caffeine on metabolism and performance while simulating the typical nutritional preparation an athlete would do for a race. The study also sought to examine the effect of timing of caffeine intake, comparing†¦show more content†¦The subjects refrained from caffeine, standardized diet, and standardized training for 48 hrs before the trials. For 24 hours before the trials, each subject was given a prepackaged standard diet. Exercise and food diaries were kept and checked for compliance. Each trial consisted of two hours of steady state cycling at 70% VO2 peak immediately followed by an all out time trial. Study A compared placebo (no caffeine), caffeine before the trial (precaf), during trial (durcaf), and cola as a replacement for a 6% CHO (carbohydrate/sugar) sports drink just before the final time trial. Study B was similar to study A, but moved up the cola drink intake to allow the athletes to consume the cola at a rate that simulated race conditions. Study B also compared decaffeinated 6% CHO cola (control), caffeinated 6% CHO cola (Caf), decaffeinated 11% CHO cola (extraCHO), and caffeinated 11% CHO (Coke). This allowed determination of whether effects were from caffeine, increased sugar content, or some combination. Results and Discussion The metabolism results of study A showed caffeine results (Fig. A) as expected. Pre-caf gave the earliest caffeine reading, followed by dur-caf. Urinary caffeine levels (Fig. B) were well below the International Olympic Committee regulation of 12 µg/ml. Plasma analysis showed that blood glucose levels were higher in the pre-caf treatment, possibly due an increase in metabolic rate from theShow MoreRelatedEssay Application of Concept Analysis to Clinical Practice1668 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Concept Analysis to Clinical Practice The concept is a general idea that is derived from human perception of events in the environment. This is based on the belief that occurrences in a given context are necessary to a wholesome interpretation of a phenomenon ( McEwen, Willis, 2011, pg,.25).Applications of concept analysis to clinical practice has become accepted among practitioners as paradigms of practice. 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Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead More3521 Unit 1 Essay example10967 Words   |  44 Pageswith regard to each topic area and discuss which one appeals to you most. After your discussion, write notes on what you have discussed. Then report your conclusion to the class, and invite comments on your ideas. A. ï‚Ÿ What is there to be gained from engaging your efforts in this area and not any other? ï‚Ÿ Why is the study worth doing? ï‚Ÿ What is the rationale of your proposed study? B. ï‚Ÿ Is the topic area a problem area? Can you define it and limit it? What are the boundaries of your proposed study

Lessons Learned From The World War II - 1862 Words

After the end of World War II, Europe was in ruins. Between bomb damage, economic downturn, and natural disasters such as droughts and blizzards it seemed nearly impossible to restore Europe to its prior greatness. America facilitated the recovery of Europe with military and financial aid and helped prevent the spread of communism, which is proven to overtake even the strongest countries in times of distress. This aid crushed the Soviet dream of a communist Europe, which set off the Cold War. Over the next 45 years, the United States and the Soviet Union would resemble two angry women, avoiding each other at all costs and exploding into a furious rage at the first sight of the other. Many events contributed to and were derived from the†¦show more content†¦And as if nature itself were conspiring to retard recovery, droughts during the summers of 1946 and 1947 had drastically reduced crops, and the winter of 1946-47 had been a disaster. The utmost blizzard in centuries had co mbined with freezing temperatures to paralyze whole regions of Europe for months. Between 1948 and 1951 Congress authorized approximately $13.4 billion in Marshall Plan aid. Most of it went to Great Britain, France, Italy, and West Germany. The Marshall Plan was met with heavy opposition. Many said the plan would bankrupt the country, but they could not have been more wrong. America experienced a great period of prosperity during the years the European Recovery Program was in action (Maddox). Again, the main question is how is this important to the Cold War? With the acceptance of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, America began pushing back the forces of communism emanating from the Soviet Union. For centuries, African-Americans have been dreaming of and fighting for their freedom. After the Civil War, Lincoln abolished slavery, but most African-Americans had nowhere to go, nowhere to work, and no say in the laws that still limited their employment. Throughout the Cold War, Civil Rights activists protested violently as well as nonviolently. Terry Kershawà ¢â‚¬â„¢s article in The Western Journal of Black Studies entitled â€Å"African American national leadership: a model for complementarity† compares three of the most prominent Civil Rights leadersShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Is A Time Of Political Tension Between The United States And The Soviet Union1154 Words   |  5 PagesCold War is a time of political tension between the United States and the USSR following World War II and lasting decades. It was a clash of ideology- capitalism versus communism- and a fight for dominance, by utilizing every opportunity for expansion (Trueman 1). The results and lessons learned from the Cold War still remain as reminders and helpful guides for the future. 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Night World Witchlight Chapter 15 Free Essays

But she could hear Alex’s sobbing even when she got in the car, and it seemed to follow in her head even when they had left the house behind. They checked with the â€Å"road crew† stationed right outside the Ashton-Hughes front gate. It looked extremely professional, with bright lights and all the accoutrements. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Witchlight Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"All secure,† the witch in charge said cheerfully when Keller rolled down the window. He shifted his reflective vest. â€Å"Thirty cars in, nobody out. There hasn’t been one for a while-I think you’re fashionably late.† He winked. â€Å"Thirty?† Keller said. â€Å"How many people per car?† â€Å"Two in most of them, but some were packed.† Keller glanced at Iliana beside her. â€Å"And that’s what they call only inviting a few people?† Iliana shrugged. â€Å"You haven’t seen the house.† â€Å"Anyway, it’s safe,† the witch foreman said. â€Å"No dragon has gotten in, I can promise you that. And none is going to get in, either.† Keller nodded at him, and they drove on. Diana was right. In considering how big the party was, you had to see the size of the house. Keller had studied the plans, but it wasn’t the same. They passed something like a peach orchard on one side of the driveway, and then a carriage house that seemed to have swallowed up a dozen cars. But Nissa dropped them off by the front steps, below the stately white columns that decorated the magnificent porch. Impressive place, Keller thought. They walked in. In the cavernous, softly lit entry hall, there was a girl in a dark uniform who took their coats. There was also Brett. When he saw Diana, he pounced. â€Å"Blondie! I thought you weren’t going to make it!† â€Å"You knew I wouldn’t miss this,† Diana said gently. But Keller thought she looked much less interested in Brett than the last time she’d spoken to him. She’s learned a lot, Keller thought. And, of course, now that she knows Galen, she sees this loser for what he is. Brett was looking the others over in his meat-appraising way. â€Å"So just which of these lovely ladies is your cousin? I never got a chance to ask.† â€Å"Oh†¦ that one.† Diana pointed a random finger. â€Å"You?† Brett’s eyes ran up and down Keller’s tallness and her blue-black hair. â€Å"I never would have guessed.† â€Å"We’re sort of†¦ foster cousins,† Keller said. She didn’t like Brett. That was nothing new, but somehow tonight she realty didn’t like him. There was something almost creepy in the way his eyes clung to girls, and when he looked at Diana, it was like watching a slug crawl over a peach blossom. â€Å"Well, come with me and join the fun,† he said, gesturing expansively and flashing a smile. Keller almost asked â€Å"Where?† but in a moment she realized that it was pointless. The party really seemed to be all over the house. The entry room itself was big enough to have a party in, and it had a wide, sweeping staircase just like a proper Southern mansion. Above, on the second floor, Keller could see a hallway lined with portraits and statues. Brett led them through room after room, each one impressive. Some seemed to be real sitting rooms; others just looked like displays in a museum. Finally, they went through one last open archway into a ballroom. Paneled walls. Painted ceiling. Chandeliers. An ocean of floor. And the college band at one end playing music that was definitely modern. A few couples were dancing a slow dance, very near the band. They looked small enough to rattle in the enormous room. Keller almost giggled, but Diana looked dreamy. â€Å"It’s beautiful.† Brett looked satisfied. â€Å"There’s food over there on the sideboard. But most of the food’s downstairs in the game room. You want to see that?† â€Å"I want to see Jaime,† Iliana said. â€Å"She’s down there.† The game room was amazing, too. Not just pool tables and darts but arcade-style video games, old-fashioned pinball machines, an indoor basketball hoop, and generally just about everything you’d find at a superior arcade. As soon as they walked in, a guy in black pants, white shirt, and black vest offered them a tray of tiny quiches and mini-pizzas. A caterer, Keller decided, not part of the regular staff of the house. She shook her head at the food and went on looking around, keeping her senses open so she could take in everything at once. This was the first time Iliana had been out in public since she’d gone to school last Monday, and it was nerve-wracking. The game room was much more crowded than the ballroom, and everybody was laughing and talking at once. On top of that, this old mansion had some very modern renovations. The band music was being piped into the other rooms. â€Å"Jaime!† Iliana said as a figure emerged from the crush of people. Jaime looked good. Her face had a healthy color, and her dark blue eyes were wide open and shining. Her brown hair was fluffed softly, and she was wearing a very pretty blue dress. Iliana.† She hugged Iliana hard, speaking in her flat but oddly pleasant voice. â€Å"It seems like forever. How are you?† â€Å"Fine. My cold’s better, and my hand-† Iliana held up her right hand. There was a neat bandage around the palm to protect the stitches. ‘It itches sometimes, but that’s all. How about you?† â€Å"I still have headaches. But I’m getting better.† Jaime smiled at Keller and the others. â€Å"I’m so glad you all could come.† â€Å"Yeah, so are we,† Keller said politely, feeling a stab of instinctive guilt. It was irrational, but she kept expecting this girl to look at her and say, â€Å"You’re the one who attacked me! The monster cat!† And she wasn’t glad that they had come. Her early warning system was clamoring already; she felt as if her fur was standing on end. She couldn’t explain it, but there was something wrong about the house. â€Å"Keep alert,† she said quietly to the others as Jaime led Iliana to the food tables. â€Å"Remember, two of us are with her at all times. The other two can wander the house, check the perimeter, look for anything suspicious. And keep in touch.† She put a finger to her brooch. That was when they found that their transmitters didn’t work. Keller had no idea why. All any of them could hear was static like white noise. Keller cursed. â€Å"Well keep in touch physically, then,† she said grimly. She checked her watch. It was almost nine. â€Å"And well get her out of here in an hour. Ten o’clock. Just to be safe.† â€Å"Good idea,† Galen said. Winnie and Nissa said, â€Å"Right, Boss.† Keller stuck close to Iliana, telling herself that they were taking every precaution and that all she had to do was stay cool and they could get out safely. But as time went on, she only got more and more uneasy. The dragon was going to attack. She was certain of it. But how? What form would the attack take? Was it going to be a battering ram of dark power like the one that had brought down the roof of the safe house? Or something tiny and sneaky, some clever way to get past the wards? A mouse? Or an insect? No ordinary shapeshifter could turn into a bug, but it was a kind of animal, after all. Could something like that slip through the wards undetected? What was it she was missing? Nothing to do but keep her senses, open, search every face for enemies, and be prepared for anything. As it turned out, though, she was entirely unprepared when it happened. Nissa and Galen were the two wandering the house at that point. Keller and Winnie were sticking with Iliana. Keller herself didn’t plan to leave Diana’s side all night. But as she was watching Jaime and Iliana laughing and chattering by one of the food tables- which offered everything from barbecue to shrimp to exotic fruit-Brett walked up chewing his lip. He was heading for Iliana, but he looked undecided and genuinely unhappy. Keller headed him off reflexively. She preferred to keep him away from Iliana just on principle. â€Å"Anything wrong?† He glanced at her with something like relief in his dark blue eyes. For once, he didn’t look arrogant or patronizing or even well groomed. â€Å"Uh, there’s something†¦ I need to tell Iliana about†¦ I guess.† He gulped, his face twisted. â€Å"You guess?† Keller herded him into a relatively private niche beside a video game. â€Å"What do you mean, you guess?† â€Å"Well, I do have to tell her. I just hate to.† He lowered his voice so that Keller had to lean closer to hear him. â€Å"Her mom’s on the phone. And she says that her little brother is missing.† Ice water sluiced over Keller. For five seconds, she didn’t breathe at all. Then she said, â€Å"What?† Brett grimaced. â€Å"He’s missing from his bedroom. And, I mean, I hate to scare Iliana with it, because he’s probably just crawled out the window or something-he’s that age, you know? But her mom wants to talk to her. She’s sort of hysterical.† He wet his lips. â€Å"I guess we should all go over there as a search party.† He’s really worried, Keller thought dazedly, while another part of her mind, a clear, cold part, clicked through possible solutions. So there’s something under that brand-name facade after all. In spite of the â€Å"he probably crawled out of the window† crap, he’s worried about the kid-and he’s worried about telling Iliana, too. Because Diana’s going to go ballistic, the cold part of her mind put in. She’s going to get as hysterical as her mom and insist on rushing back there. And a search party-that would mean all of us outside the wards, crawling around between houses in the dark†¦ No. It couldn’t happen. It was undoubtedly just what the dragon wanted. But how had he gotten to the baby? With all those wards and the agents watching the house-how? It didn’t matter. Right now, she had to deal with the situation. â€Å"Brett-don’t tell Iliana.† â€Å"Huh? But I have to.† â€Å"No, you don’t. Ill talk to Mrs.-to Aunt Anna. I’m her niece, remember? And I have an idea where the baby might have gone. I think he’s safe, but she has to know where to look.† Brett gawked at her. â€Å"You have an idea?† â€Å"Yeah. Just let me talk to her. And don’t say anything to Iliana just yet.† Keller glanced toward the game room bar, which was set up like an English pub. There was a phone, but a girl with red hair was talking animatedly into it, while eating nuts from a bowl. â€Å"It’s the other line, Jaime’s line,† Brett said. â€Å"She said she called on that one first, but it was busy.† â€Å"Okay, where’s the other line?† â€Å"Jaime’s room.† Keller hesitated, looking at Iliana. Winnie was on one side of her and Jaime on the other. They were the center of attention, something like the heart of a rose, with other people surrounding them like petals. At least she was in full view of everyone. And somebody trying to get to her would have to go through all of them first, and that would alert Winnie. But I wish Nissa and Galen were here to take over from me. She glanced at her watch. Fifteen minutes before they were supposed to come back to the game room. The baby couldn’t wait that long. She forged through the crowd and touched Winnie’s shoulder. â€Å"I have to run for a minute-a phone call. Nothing to worry about yet. I’ll make it fast,† she murmured in Winnie’s ear. Winnie glanced at her, surprised, but then she nodded. â€Å"Problems?† â€Å"Maybe. Stay alert.† Keller said it through a smile for Iliana’s benefit. When she got out of the throng, she said to Brett, â€Å"Take me there.† Actually, she knew where Jaime’s bedroom was from the plans. But she didn’t want Brett hanging around Iliana. His face alone would give away the show. They hurried up the wide staircase. Keller’s mind was racing, making plans. I can calm her down, at least. And I can call Circle Daybreak and tell them-if they don’t already know. They’ll make a much better search party than humans. Iliana doesn’t need to know about it at all until after the ceremony. And then†¦ Her mind stalled, and the sick feeling in her stomach grew. No. It wouldn’t be enough. She knew what she really had to do. I have to go back there. Just me. I owe Diana that much. I owe the whole family that much. I’ll be the best one to search. I can drive over to the house feist and see what’s going on. Borrow a car from Brett. That way, when the dragon attacks-and he’s going to attack-I’ll be the only one there. You’ll be the only one dead, a snide little voice in her mind pointed out. But Keller gave it the cold shoulder. She knew that already. It wasn’t important. You’re going to risk your life-give up your life- for a baby? One who’s not a Wild Power, not even a shapeshifter? At least I’ll get another chance at the dragon, she told the voice. You’re going to risk the mission, the alliance, the whole daylight world, for a single individual? the voice went on. This was a better point. But Keller had only one thing to say to it. I have to. â€Å"Here.† Brett gestured at the open door of a pretty bedroom, then followed Keller when she went in. â€Å"Um, can I help you?† He was getting over his worry and trying to cozy up to her again. â€Å"No.† â€Å"Oh. Well, I’ll leave you alone, then.† He slid out the door, closing it behind him. And Keller let him. Later, that was what she couldn’t quite believe. That she had been stupid enough to walk into the trap and stand there while it snapped shut. She picked up the phone. â€Å"Mrs. Dominick?† Silence. . At first, just for a moment or two, she thought Hiana’s mother might have stepped away from the phone. But then the nature of the silence got to her. There were no sounds in the background at all. It was dead air. Keller hit the plunger to hang up the phone. Nothing happened. No dial tone. She glanced at the phone cord; it was plugged into the wall. She pushed the plunger rapidly, four times, five. Then she knew. She’d been suckered. In one motion, she whirled and sprang to the door. Only to twist the handle uselessly. It was locked. And it was a good, sturdy door, made out of solid wood, the kind they used to make. She found this out by throwing herself against it hard enough to bruise her shoulder. It had been locked with a key from the outside, and the bolt was a good, sturdy one, too. White icy-hot rage swept over Keller. She was more angry than she could ever remember being in her life. She couldn’t believe it-she’d been fooled by an idiot human boy. The Night People must have gotten to him somehow, must have bought him†¦ No. Keller knew she wasn’t a genius. But sometimes ideas came to her in a flash, allowing her to see a complete picture all at once where other people saw only fragments. And right now, like a bolt of lightning, realization dawned on her, and she understood. Oh, Goddess, how could we have been so stupid? She knew how the dragon had done it. How to cite Night World : Witchlight Chapter 15, Essay examples

Mental Health in Acute Care Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health in Acute Care. Answer: NURS6055 I am mental health nurse and have done my graduation in mental health in acute care. I have more than one year of experience in mental health and acute care. Since from my childhood, I had immense urge to work for the people who are suffering from mental complications and that is the reason behind my enrolment in this course. The successful completion of the course helped me enrich my knowledge in mental health nursing. It also helped me understand that how proper management of symptoms is crucial in nursing care. I practise strictly in accordance with the professional standards ofNursing and Midwifery Board of Australia however; I am planning to enrich my skills as a mental health nurse via refining my communication skills and practise-based learning improvement. Two Personal Goals Enrich the skills in effective communication in order to attain proficiency verbal, non-verbal message, effective listening and responding. SMART Goal Specific I want to enrich my communication skills as it a crucial parameter for mental healthnursing Meaningful This goal is important because it will help to refine my skills as a nurse and at the same time will help me to connect with my patients more effectively Achievable I will enrol in a effective communication training crash course and will examine my senior registered nurses during the duty in order to study how they study Realistic I know I can achieve this because, Regular exposure to work along with training will help me attain faster proficiency Plus I am extremely determinant to excel in communication skills. Time Span 6 months Practise-based learning improvement via highlighting the personal strengths and deficiencies SMART Goal Specific This goal is important because it will help me to work on the deficiencies while helping me to attain refinement in my strength and this as a whole will help me to provide quality care to my patients, one of the important professional code of conduct ofNursing and Midwifery Board of Australia Meaningful This goal is important because it will help to refine my clinical nursing skills Achievable I will assist my seniors in providing quality treatment to patients Realistic I know I can achieve this because, regular exposure to work will help me attain enriched experience Time Span 1 year NURS6450 My main motivation behind undertaking the course of symptom management in clinical practise is to learn the ethics of appreciation extended towards supporting people in chronic symptoms management of mental health. This in turn goes with the professional code of conduct of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia that states that nurse must value informed decision making. My belief of symptom management goes with importance of learning the theoretical perspectives of symptoms management while identifying the relationship between nursing response towards symptom management and client system outcomes. This learning connects with the ethical guidelines of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia that states that nurse must value quality nursing care for all the patients. My two goals in this domain of nursing is to study more papers based on evidence based practice on patients experience on symptoms and to interact with in-patients on daily basis to ascertain their psychological perspectives on symptoms management. The main rationale behind these goals are: this will help me to ascertain patient perceptive towards pain or symptom management while implementing best possible practise based on evidenced based research. NURS6095 I choose to enrol in this course because I belief that a nurse must practise in a culturally competent manner and this exposure can only be achieved via participating in community based nursing interventions. My goals which I plan to achieve via participating in this practise is to attain excellence in understating the historical background of the aboriginals residing in Australia (Torres-Strait Islander) and my second goal is to increase my professional and personal capacity via working in collaboration with health care professionals and non-government service providers.

Donner Company Essay Example

Donner Company Paper The company has specialized in making circuit boards for experimental devices and for pilot production runs. The basic work process can be divided into three important stages preparation, image transfer and fabrication. The companys president Edward Plumper believes that the company is more adept than its competitors at anticipating and resolving problems inherent in new designs and prototype production techniques due to highly skillful employees with substantial experience that the company has employed. It supplies the schoolmarm over bare copper (SMOOCH) boards under the made-to-order setup, resulting in high variety but low volume and the company charging a premium on its boards. However, this competitive edge has been compromised due to problems being faced in terms of productivity (caused bottlenecks, shifting bottlenecks and improper utilization of labor), quality of the product being manufactured (high rate of product return has been a major problem), and problems associated with the delivery of the final order (most of the shipments are dispatched towards the end of the month). These problems have begun to hamper the overall performance of the firm, and the management has started evaluating the companys position and different strategic policies to overcome those problems. Process Flower process comprises of 3 distinct stages: Preparation of image, Image transfer on the laminate panel and Fabrication into desired profile (size and shape). At the end of the fabrication stage, the circuit boards are inspected, checked and packed, and stored for dispatch in racks of 20 panels. We will write a custom essay sample on Donner Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Donner Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Donner Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although some operations are modified for several orders each week depending on customer requirements, a typical work cycle is shown below. Donned had invested $80,000 in buying a technologically advanced CNN machine to perform the drilling and router functions. These processes can also be performed annually, hence, it becomes extremely important to decide when to use the machine and when to perform the action manually. During the drilling step of Image Transfer stage, the standard process involves the use of either automated CNN Drill or Manual drill to complete this step. Both these drills differ in terms of their setup and run times. For the profiling step of Fabrication, either Punch Press or automated CNN Router can be deployed for the process depending on the number of circuit boards in the order. We have done the breakable point analysis to decide the objective criteria for the use of the drills as well as profilers. Breakable point analysis Table 1 : Image Transfer stage: Drilling (CNN Drill vs.. Manual drill) CNN Drill Manual Drill Set up time for 1 order 240 15 Run time per hole (1 circuit board has 500 drilled holes) 0. 04 0. 08 Number of circuit boards N N Total time (setup time + Run time) 1 Breakable point: 240 + = 1 5 + N = 5. 92-6 Hence, we conclude that for orders with 6 or lesser units of circuit boards, there is no need to use the CNN machine for drilling purpose: Manual drilling will suffice. For orders above 6 units, the use of CNN drill will reduce the processing time as compared to manual drilling. Hence, in such a scenario it mak es more sense to employ CNN machine in the drilling process. Table 2 : Fabrication stage: Profiling (CNN Router vs.. Punch Press) CNN Router Punch Press Set up time for 1 order 150 50 Run time per circuit board 0. 5 1 Number of circuit boards N N Total time (Setup time + Run time) 150+0. 5*N 50+1 *N 200 Breakable point: 150+ 0. 5*N = 50+ As can be observed from the calculation above, the CNN Router should be put into use when the number of circuit boards is greater than 200 whereas Manual Drilling should be employed when the order size involves lesser than 200 circuit boards orders. This decision will prove economical for Donned both in terms of costs and processing times. However, we loosely analyze Exhibit 2 (mentioned in the case), to calculate the implied utilization of the CNN machine for drilling. Stage Demand (in hrs) Capacity (in hrs) Implied Utilization CNN Drill, Image Transfer 196 20*8 = 160 196/160 = 122. 5 % Assuming, no. Of working days in a month = 20; No. Of working hours per day = 8 Table 4 This utilization of CNN drill (100%) for orders of circuit boards more than 100 shows that it will not be feasible to use it for smaller orders (greater than 6) Bottleneck Analysis We analyses the Dry Film Photocopies operation to identify the bottleneck in the recess. It is very important to understand the true capacity of any process in order to prevent bottlenecks and enable uniform distribution of work load across stages. If we assume that the maximum number of circuit boards that the photocopies area can accommodate is only 50, Donned should ensure that no more than 50 units reach it from the drilling stage. Orders with more than 50 units will result in creation of a bottleneck at the Photocopies stage and the efficiency of the entire manufacturing process stands to be compromised because of the pile up of the work. Because of the existence of multiple steps during this stage (with separate set up and run times), it is critical to analyses each step in detail to identify the creation of bottleneck. In Appendix B, we calculate the capacity of each stage for 8, 80, 800 circuit boards. No. Of boards 8 80 800 panel prep 738. 46 5485. 71 15360 Laminate and Expose 174. 54 960 1745. 45 Develop 190. 099 1745. 45 9600 Table 5 We can see from the above table that the capacity of the laminate and expose operation is varying depending on the number of circuit boards in the order size. This is creating inconsistency in identifying bottle neck in the process. Productivity It is difficult to evaluate the shop productivity precisely, the production bottleneck shifted daily from one operation to another resulting from differences in order size, from orders bypassing some operations , due the differences in circuit designs and the four-day rush orders (3 such orders per week). Thus, a number of machines were idle more often than expected (they ran at low capacity), pointing to process design inefficiency. Some of the major issues identified are: Time spend in reworking parts that failed inspection or were returned was not included The time squired for moving the boards between operations was also not reflected in the cycle time this resulted from the current layout of the operations in the plant Due to huge uncertainty, it is difficult to predict productivity precisely. Several machines were idle more often than expected and the time schedule did not include time spent reworking parts which failed inspection and returned by customers. The Job methods used for production have a scope of improvement and time standards are not feasible for any Job on the shop. The machining operations are kept isolated and separate from etching, plating and imaging. This is because the plating and etching processes release acid vapors, which may lead to corrosion of machine tools. Similarly, the machining operations create dust and affect the other processes. Due to such isolation, time taken between these processes/ stages is high. The operation is sequential in nature. However, for drilling operations, the management hasnt done a breakable analysis to choose between manual labor or to use the CNN machine for the same purpose. No effective Job improvements and constant shifting of workers from Job to Job and other immediate problems. Raw materials are currently simmered for fulfilling expedited orders. This may lead to an order remaining as a Work in Progress (WIPE) order, in the firms manufacturing stream for longer duration than necessary. This is further delayed as it requires another shipment that is now consumed by rush orders. Recommendations: The distance between the Machining and Plating divisions should be minimized as a lot of in-process time goes in between. However, in order to ensure that the other processes are not affected by acid vapors and dust, physical barriers such as partitions or vapor resistant screens can be used. This will serve the purpose, and at the same time will reduce the time spent in between. Donned Company should focus on completing small orders for Smocks. This will help enhance productivity gains, optimum labor utilization and improved quality assurance as the firm possesses both the experience and confidence to assure a high degree of success. Small orders do not require frequent changes in design and hence can thoroughly reduce the Work in Progress. Focusing on only small-volume orders would require the firm to increase their raw material inventory levels and well-planned and timely acquiring, but would also decrease the inefficiency of the raw material simmering process from hampering the entire process altogether. The idle time of labor can also be reduced as such orders will utilize the high skill-sets of the Donned employees. Moreover, by making such uniform order types will make it much more sustainable for the firm to plan resources and share information. Quality This factor was critical to increase the sales volume and recently the company has faced failures in maintaining the quality standards. Some of the major issues identified are: Customer returns increased from 1% to 3%, nine-tenths of which was because of failure to complete mom of the required operations. Failure to formally define quality from the customers end this resulted in sometimes bad shipments being accepted and the good ones being rejected 7% of the boards were rejected at the pre-shipment inspection stage (as of September), 6% of which were because of incomplete operations and then reworked. Recommendations: No formal inspection standard was available: A standard order with design specifications like tolerance etc. Must be taken from the customer during order placement. These order instructions must be followed unanimously across the production line by different workers. This will reduce the loss of one tenth of boards that had been returned because they were out of tolerance. 6% of 7% boards returned because Donned had missed or failed to complete one or two of the required operations: This is due to lack of information coordination between different workers handling various operations. Currently at Donned, until a Job was shipped, the factory order and blueprint were kept by Flattery who gave them to any worker requiring information. This may lead to loss of vital information among workers regarding the order process. Hence, a structured process flow consisting all operations must be communicated by David Flattery to the four assistant supervisors who spent about 10% of their time instructing the workers. These assistant supervisors must ensure that this process flow is maintained and all operations are performed. The inspection at the last stage must ensure all the specifications mentioned by the customer in the order manual are satisfied. Delivery The company promised to deliver boards order within 3 weeks and orders greater than 1000 circuit boards within 5 weeks of placing the order. But the orders were being delayed by more than a week because of some of the issues identified low: The current shipping policy of the company emphasized on clearing all the work out of the shop prior to the end of each month and thus the shipments were mostly done in the second half of each month No inventory was kept by the company, thus for each new order that was logged in searching for the raw material took 2 days and procurement of the same took 4 days. Small interruptions with regular operations were created by the 4-day rush orders and the small orders (8 circuit boards or less) being routed through Arthur Defied 25% of the delays due to design re- specification / hold Recommendations Shipping policy existent exerts pressure on quality delivered: Current shipping policy of Donned is heavily loaded in the last week of a month. Since the new orders are typically taken in the start of the month with a promise of three week delivery and 6% out of 7% rejected products are shipped again within two-three days, most of the shipping happens in the last week of the month.

American Dream Essay Example

American Dream Essay Example American Dream Essay American Dream Essay American Dream BY millimeter The American Dream Looking at society today, the American Dream is a hoax; it is a belief that exists only in our imagination, trying to keep people on track and in the right direction. In past years, the American Dream was not only a belief but a promise to the American people. A promise that if you worked hard, went to school and got a degree, you were promised a good Job which in turn brought you wealth, a nice house, a full family, and all the click © ideas of the perfect life. These days, these ideas will remain thoughts and dreams unless you take on a different course of action; or at least do ore in addition to attending school. You can no longer attend college, come out debt free, knowing you have a supportive Job to begin your life ahead. The majority of college students today graduate with anywhere from ask to kick in debt, and some arent able to pick up a good Job immediately. Not all are able to lower their monthly payments to only 20 or 40 dollars a month until its paid off. Others have to pay upward around 400 dollars a month Just for student loans, that doesnt include your house payment, car payment, and any other bills or expenses one faces after graduation. My goal in life is to be successful. In my head, success only comes in having what I want, and being debt free. Already I have ask in student loans because I attended Ohio State University my freshman year of school. I transferred to Columbus State because I have intentions on possibly going into education with my chemistry degree. Had I continued through Ohio State, I know for a fact there would be no possibility of me overcoming my debt in the early stages of my adult life. I refuse to look for an American dream. Its not possible anymore and it doesnt exist. People used to look at life and how they could be successful. Now, Americans are on the defense and look at life and how they are going to make a good living without incurring more debt than they can handle, and if really lucky, no debt at all. We are afraid. Afraid of what is happening in the United States, and afraid of our future. Theres no way to get ahead in anything if youre consistently on the defense. But unfortunately, our nation has made it nearly impossible to stay on the offensive side because its now too easy to fall at any moment, no matter where you are in life.

Discussion a solution to the problem of protecting endangered species Essay

Discussion a solution to the problem of protecting endangered species - Essay Example Humans must realize that we are not the only creatures which use the world. Many species of animals are all around us, and sometimes our activities destroy the specialized habitats that these animals need in order to live, produce young, and have enough to eat. In the case of the right whales, conservationists recognized a need to preserve this rare and beautiful animal which was hunted nearly to extinction before being protected. Once protected, human activities were still killing the whales. The shippers did not have to entirely eliminate using the Bay as a port, but changing the routes to avoid the places where the whales spent their time meant that continued human activity would not continue to destroy the endangered species. This example shows that it is possible for conservationists, activists, industry and government to work together toward a common goal. Sometimes activists would like to completely prevent industry from exploiting natural resources, and sometimes industry does not make wise choices and completely destroys the habitats of endangered animals. The result of the small change in the Bay of Fundy was a record number of right whale births in 2009, which is a big step toward rebuilding the population of this endangered species. Small changes lead to big changes when humans pay attention to their

Investment management strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment management strategies - Essay Example The correlation coefficient between the daily stock return in each portfolio is also calculated and combined with the standard deviations in a covariance matrix to calculate the variance and standard deviation for each portfolio. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out by changing the weights of each stock in the portfolio to see how the performance changes. The variance and thus the standard deviation are far more difficult to calculate because the variance of a portfolio is not simply a weighted average of the individual variances of the stocks included in the portfolio except for the special case where the individual stock returns are uncorrelated with one another. The variance for a two stock portfolio is given by: We need to set up a covariance matrix to bordered covariance matrix to be able to calculate the 1variance and standard deviation for a portfolio of more than two stocks. For a three stock portfolio the bordered covariance matrix can be written as follows (Bodie et al., 2002): The portfolio variance is calculated from the above nine terms by multiplying the bordered weights by the corresponding covariance and then summing the different terms. The standard deviation is calculated by taking the square root of the variance. From the table above, the variance is given by: (3) and the standard deviation of the portfolio is given by: (4) The covariance matrix in table 1 above can be extended to any number of stocks. Haven discussed how to calculate the expected return on portfolio, the variance and standard deviation; we now apply the above models to the U.S and Australian portfolios. Std. Dev (%) Ave Ret (%) Citi Group Inc. 3.58 -0.03 American Express 2.99 0.26 Motorola Inc 2.25 -0.30 Boeing Co. 1.85 -0.38 McDonalds Corp 1.45 -0.44 Coca Cola 0.91 -0.34 Table two above show the standard deviation and average return of each of the stocks included in the U.S portfolio over the period under study (details of the calculations are found in the attached excel file). To be able to calculate the covariance between the different stocks, we need to know the correlation coefficients between the different stocks. We use the correlation function in Excel to calculate the correlation coefficient between the different stocks. Doing this we obtain the following correlation matrix for the different stocks: Table 2: Correlation matrix (U.S Portfolio) Citigroup Inc. American Express Motorola Inc Boeing Co. McDonalds Corp Coca Cola Citi Group Inc. 1.00 0.90 0.54 0.74 0.78 0.25 American Express 0.90 1.00 0.64 0.78 0.87 0.34 Motorola Inc 0.54 0.64 1.00 0.37 0.53 0.23 Boeing Co. 0.74 0.78 0.37 1.00 0.72 0.16 McDonalds Corp 0.78 0.87 0.53 0.72 1.00 0.31 Coca Cola Co. 0.25 0.34 0.23 0.16 0.31 1.00 To obtain the covariance matrix we use the following formula formula to calculate the

Jacksonian Age women's reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jacksonian Age women's reform - Essay Example These reform movements were known as ante-bellum reform movements. According to Cheathem (2008), the Jacksonian age was a period of democratic progress and increasing egalitarianism for men but one of regression and repression for women. The age characterized a male defined society and on the basis of equality; feminism characterized it as well as a struggle for female autonomy and self determination. Women were mainly seen as breeders and child bearers. The temperance movement called for restriction and outright prohibition of alcohol consumption due to its strong religious elements. Cheathem (2008) says that the apex of the ante-bellum reforms movement during the Jacksonian period was the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 which women listed the grievances that American women had against institutions that were male dominated and included lack of female suffrage. On female health, most medics did not have a respect for women’s bodily autonomy and many hysterectomies performed in the United States were medically unnecessary. Personal care becam e aggressively politicized and the politics of medicine became intensely personal. Doctors and scientists defined women’s nature in terms of their reproductive system and were seen as virtually pathological, causing a long list of emotional, mental and bodily complications (Cheathem, 2008). Female patients that suffered from mental health were treated by hydropathy; dumping cold water on patients and immersing them in icy pools. The Jacksonian era showed the ideologies of how the woman’s place was in the home. Edward Clarke, a Boston based doctor in 1874 warned society against letting young women pursue too demanding an education (Cheathem, 2008). Other arguments combined with religious authority, etiquette instruction and legal restrictions to declare women unsuited for the public sphere of politics, business and

Literary Critique Of Wise Blood English Literature Essay

Literary Critique Of Wise Blood English Literature Essay Flannery OConnor is known for her southern stories that explore the psychological and spiritual landscapes of the human soul (Meyer 363) as well as for her creation of characters that are alternately absurdly comic and tragic (366). Wise Blood, her first novel, demonstrates her artistic ability as a writer. In this novel, Flannery OConnor uses vivid descriptions, mimicry, and shocking violence to captivate her readers. Wise Blood is Flannery OConnors first novel. This novel follows the stories of two main characters, Hazel Motes and Enoch Emery. Hazel Motes is a preacher unlike the rest. He creates The Church Without Christ. He is on a quest to prove to himself and others that Jesus does not exist. Enoch Emery is an eighteen year old in search of success. He is also on a quest to follow his instincts which he terms Wise Blood. Both these characters come to shocking ends in the story. One technique that OConnor uses very well in this novel is vivid descriptions. For example, she describes Mrs. Wally Bee Hitchcock as a fat woman with pink collars and cuffs and pear-shaped legs that slanted off the train seat and didnt reach the floor (OConnor 3). OConnor presents a very vivid image of Mrs. Wally Bee Hitchcock in this sentence. The word fat can be opaque, including a variety of shapes. By using the imagery of a pear and the space between her legs and the floor, OConnor gives readers a clear and interesting image of the character. Another example of this excellent use of description is found in Hazel Motes imagination. He saw Jesus move from tree to tree in the back of his mind, a wild ragged figure motioning to him to turn around and come off into the dark where he was not sure of his footing, where he might be walking on the water and not know it and then suddenly know it and drown. (11). The image of Jesus as a wild man deep in the dark of a jungle trapping Hazel Motes into drowning shows that Hazel Motes feels at a great distance from Jesus, and that he is also afraid of Jesus and the unknown. This imagery gives readers an interesting and clear insight into Hazel Motes mind. OConnor also uses animal imagery throughout the novel. An example of this occurs when Hazel Motes sits down in a dining cart with three youngish women dressed like parrots. Their hands were resting on the table, red-speared at the tips (7). From this image the reader can determine that the women are wearing very colorful clothing accentuated by red nail polish on their fingers. The waiter is also described with animal imagery. He had greased black hair and a greased black look to his suit. He moved like a crow, darting from table to table (6). This presents a vivid image of the characters look and movement. Another excellent use of animal imagery is the description of Hazel Motes. He had a nose like a shrikes bill and a long vertical crease on either side of his mouth; His hair looked as if it had been permanently flattened under the heavy hat (3-4). Not only does this description convey to the reader Hazel Motes birdlike looks, it also works on a deeper level. Hazel Motes tries empty humans of their consciences (93-95), just as a shrike impales its victims. This image gives readers a detailed physical description of Hazel Motes while also giving insight into his personality. Again, OConnor uses this twofold animal imagery when describing Hazel Motes grandfather. His grandfather had been a circuit preacher, a waspish old man who had ridden over three countries with Jesus hidden in his head like a stinger (9-10). This description conveys the image of a severe looking man. It also indicates that Hazel Motes grandfather used Jesus as a weapon against people, just as a wasp uses its stinger as a weapon. Another example of OConnors use of twofold animal imagery is the character of Enoch Emery. He looked like a friendly hound dog with light mange (23). This imagery tells the reader that Enoch Emery is an amiable boy with an unkempt appearance. It also indicates that he follows his instincts rather than making choices based on rationality. Enoch Emory follows his wise blood (44) and allows it to rule his decisions, just as a hound dog follows the scent of the hunted. While OConnor makes great use of vivid descriptions, one of the more intriguing aspects of her novel is the use of mimicry. One example of this mimicry is Hazel Motes and his church. Hazel Motes mimics his grandfather and other evangelical preachers. Hazel Motes grandfather had a particular disrespect for him because his own face was repeated almost exactly in the childs and seemed to mock him (11). Not only does Hazel Motes look just like his grandfather, he preaches from the hood of his car (58), just like his grandfather did (10). Hazel Motes church, The Church Without Christ (58), preaches salvation without Jesus. In this way it mimics the churches of the evangelical preachers that preach that Jesus is the key to salvation. OConnor further develops this mimicry in a comical way through the characters of Hoover Shoats and Solace Layfield. Hoover Shoats tries to take over the Church Without Christ for monetary gain. He changes the name of the church to the Holy Church of Christ Without Christ. He also hires Solace Layfield as the True Prophet (94). Solace Layfield looks just like Hazel Motes, wears similar clothes, and drives a similar car (94). In this way, the Holy Church of Christ without Christ and Solace Layfield are a mimicry of Hazel Motes and the Church Without Christ. Another intriguing example of OConnors use of mimicry is the mummy. The mummy becomes the new Jesus for the Church Without Christ. Hazel Motes tells the people that his church needs a new Jesus. He tells them that it needs one thats all man, without blood to waste, and it needs one that dont look like any other man (80). Enoch Emery then steals the mummy from the museum to give to Hazel Motes as the new Jesus (97). The mummy was naked and a dried yellow color and his eyes were drawn almost shut as if a giant block of steel were falling down on top of him (56). As the new Jesus for Hazel Motes mock church, the shriveled up mummy mimics the resurrected Christ. This mimicry of Jesus is further developed in the portrayal of Sabbath Lily Hawks. Although the name Lily suggests purity, Sabbath Lily Hawks seduces Hazel Motes (10-11). When Enoch brings the mummy to Hazel Motes house, Sabbath Lily Hawks answers the door, takes the mummy, and cradles it. Her hands grew accustomed to the feel of his skin. Some of his hair had come undone and she brushed it back where it belonged, holding him in the crook of her arm and looking down into his squinched face. His mouth had been knocked a little to one side so that there was just a trace of a grin covering his terrified look. She began to rock him a little in her arm and a slight reflection of that same grin appeared on her own face (104). As Sabbath Lily Hawks holds and rocks the mummy, she mimics the Virgin Mary holding Jesus. These instances of inverse mimicry are both comical and grotesque and further absorb readers in the novel. While OConnors use of vivid descriptions and mimicry are intriguing, her use of violence to captivate readers is the most effective technique. When Enoch Emery takes Hazel Motes to see the mummy, he becomes so frightened that he forgets the address to Asa Hawks house. Hazel Motes throws a rock at him because of this. Enoch Emery turned his head and saw a drop of blood on the ground and as he looked at it, he thought it widened like a little spring. He sat straight up, frozen-skinned, and put his finger in it, and very faintly he could hear his blood beating, his secret bloodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Then he knew whatever was expected of him was only just the beginning (57). This violence is unexpected and effectively grabs the readers attention. This violent scene is also used as foreshadowing to further absorb readers into the novel. Another example of OConnors effective use of violence is when Hazel Motes murders Solace Layfield. Hazel Motes runs over Solace Layfield with his car. He then drove about twenty feet and stopped the car and then began to back it. He backed it over the bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A lot of blood was coming out of him and forming a puddle around his head (115). This instance of shocking violence is riveting and also gives the reader further insight into the character of Hazel Motes. Hazel Motes murders Solace Layfield in a final attempt to kill his own conscience. The fact that Solace Layfield is also a mimic of Hazel Motes emphasizes the fact that Hazel Motes is attempting to kill a part of himself, namely his conscience. Wise blood is filled with vivid descriptions, intriguing mimicry, and startling violence which effectively keeps readers absorbed in the novel. This novel certainly conveys Flannery OConnors ability to write artistically and effectively. For this reason, readers will certainly be drawn to read her other works.

Beach Burial Essay -- English Literature

Beach Burial Beach Burial says only that men die and are buried. Is this a fair evaluation of the poem? Beach Burial is a poem which deals with many issues, not only about men dying and being buried. This is by no means a fair evaluation of the poem. The poem in actual fact deals with the problems in war, and it encases a hidden meaning, which is equality. This poem dwells heavily on the problems in war. It describes how high the death toll is for both sides. Slessor uses â€Å"convoys of dead sailors† to show that all these dead body’s are very much alike, with their movements and feelings being the same. It also outlines a major problem in war, being able to identify and bury they dead properly. "And each cross, the driven stake of tide-wood, bears the last signature of m...